Retraction and Correction Policy
A proportionate process for correcting the literature while preserving a transparent and reliable scholarly record.
Published articles form part of the permanent scholarly record. When a reliable concern is raised, the editorial office assesses the evidence, gives relevant parties a fair opportunity to respond and applies the least disruptive action capable of correcting the record.
Correction
A correction may be issued when an error affects interpretation, attribution or presentation but does not invalidate the principal findings. The notice identifies the change and links to the article.
Expression of concern
An expression of concern may be used while a serious unresolved investigation is in progress and readers need a clear interim warning.
Retraction
Retraction may be appropriate for unreliable findings, fabrication, major plagiarism, unethical research, redundant publication, compromised peer review or evidence that invalidates the record.
Notice and metadata
The article remains identifiable, is clearly marked, and links to a dated notice explaining who initiated the action and why. Relevant metadata services are updated where technically possible.
How decisions are handled
- Concerns are assessed by the editor, publisher or appropriate subject expert.
- Authors and relevant parties are normally invited to respond before a final action is taken.
- Institutions, funders or ethics bodies may be contacted when investigation outside the journal is required.
- Retraction notices remain public, linked and factual; they avoid defamatory language and identify the reason for the action.
- Minor typographical updates that do not affect meaning may be corrected without a formal notice.